This article uses seven waves of panel data to test for social norms in labor market status. The unemployed's well‐being is shown to be strongly positively correlated with reference group unemployment (at the regional, partner, or household level). This result, far stronger for men, is robust to controls for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Panel data also show that those whose well‐being fell the most on entering...

 This paper considers the psychological impact of past unemployment. Using 11 waves of German panel data, we show that life satisfaction is lower not only for the current unemployed (relative to the employed), but also for those with higher levels of past unemployment. However, the negative wellbeing effect of current unemployment is weaker for those who have been unemployed more often in the past. The...

Fixed effects estimations with German data obtain the result that unemployment significantly lowers overall satisfaction with life. The results differ for men and women and are consistent with estimates of labor supply elasticities. Gerlach, K., &Stephan, G. (1996). A paper on unhappiness and unemployment in Germany. Economics Letters, 52(3), 325-330.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(96)00858-0       

초록 없음 Van Praag, B. M., &Van der Sar, N. L. (1988). Household cost functions and equivalence scales. Journal of human Resources, 193-210.  DOI: 10.2307/145775

 초록 없음  Michalos, A. C. (1985). Multiple discrepancies theory (MDT). Social indicators research, 16(4), 347-413.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00333288  

A growing economic literature stresses the importance of relative comparisons, e.g., for savings and consumption or happiness. In this literature it is usually assumed that reference standards against which people compare themselves are exogenously given. In contrast, findings from social psychology suggest that people play an active role in determining their reference standards. We introduce a social comparison model where people choose their reference standards...

초록 없음  Pollak, R. A. (1970). Habit formation and dynamic demand functions. Journal of political Economy, 78(4, Part 1), 745-763.https://doi.org/10.1086/259667    

To date the literature on subjective well-being has focused on the developed economies. We provide empirical evidence from two emerging market countries, Peru and Russia. Our results - and in particular a strong negative skew in the assessments of the respondents with the greatest income gains - support the importance of relative rather than absolute income differences. Among other factors, we attribute our results to...

초록 없음   Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2001). Do people mean what they say? Implications for subjective survey data. American Economic Review, 91(2), 67-72.DOI: 10.1257/aer.91.2.67

 This article reviews the author's program of research on the neural substrates of emotion and affective style and their behavioral and peripheral biological correlates. Two core dimensions along which affect is organized are approach and withdrawal. Some of the key circuitry underlying approach and withdrawal components of emotion is reviewed with an emphasis on the role played by different sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)...