Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2002). The mind and the future: The (negative) power of expectations. Theory & Psychology, 12(3), 335-366.

We try to identify the configurations of beliefs and goals typical of the various kinds of representation of the future: forecasts, hopes and fears, and a particular kind of anticipatory representations that we call `hope-casts’ and `fear-casts’, which are supposed to imply not only forecasts and either hopes or fears, but also a normative component according to which the expected event `ought’ to happen. We address the psychological consequences of hope-casts, either before or after the expected event comes true or false, and point to the sense of injustice and loss produced by violated hope-casts. We also address individual differences in dealing with violated hope-casts, and the possible role played by just-world beliefs, optimism and defensive pessimism. Finally, we compare our model with related approaches, and stress the negative potential of hope-casts in terms of the negative attitudes associated with them, which hamper people’s ability to cope with disappointment.

 

 

Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2002). The mind and the future: The (negative) power of expectations. Theory & Psychology, 12(3), 335-366.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354302012003015