Hermer, L., &Spelke, E. S. (1994). A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature, 370(6484), 57.

 

DISORIENTED1–3 rats and non-human primates reorient themselves using geometrical features of the environment2,4–6. In rats tested in environments with distinctive geometry, this ability is impervious to non-geometric information (such as colours and odours) mark-ing important locations and used in other spatial tasks7. Here we show that adults use both geometric and non-geometric information to reorient themselves, whereas young children, like mature rats, use only geometric information. These findings provide evi-dence that: (1) humans reorient in accord with the shape of the environment; (2) the young child’s reorientation system is impervious to all but geometric information8, even when non-geometric information is available and is represented by the child-such information should improve performance and is used in similar tasks by the oriented child; and (3) the limits of this process are overcome during human development.

 

 

Hermer, L., &Spelke, E. S. (1994). A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature, 370(6484), 57.

https://doi.org/10.1038/370057a0

Sargent, J., Williams, R. A., Hagerty, B., Lynch-Sauer, J., &Hoyle, K. (2002). Sense of belonging as a buffer against depressive symptoms.

 

 Background: Lack of a sense of belonging has been shown to be associated with loneliness, emotional distress, psychosocial disturbance, and mental illness. Conversely, sense of belonging was found to correspond with psychosocial health.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the buffering effect of sense of belonging against the development of depression.

 

Study Design: This study used a comparative design. The sample consisted of 443 Navy recruits in basic training who were divided into depressed and control groups based on depressive symptoms. The groups were then further stratified based on risk factors: a personal history of abuse and family histories of mental illness, alcohol, and drug abuse.

 

Results: The results refuted a significant buffering effect of sense of belonging against the development of depressive symptoms in several of the subgroups. However, sense of belonging significantly buffered those with a family history of alcohol abuse against developing depressive symptoms. C


onclusion: Sense of belonging is a concept that has important implications for psychosocial well being. Interventions that enhance sense of belonging will be useful in the treatment and primary prevention of depression. 

 

 

 

Sargent, J., Williams, R. A., Hagerty, B., Lynch-Sauer, J., &Hoyle, K. (2002). Sense of belonging as a buffer against depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 8(4), 120-129.

https://doi.org/10.1067/mpn.2002.127290

Kivetz, R., Urminsky, O., &Zheng, Y. (2006). The goal-gradient hypothesis resurrected: Purchase acceleration, illusionary goal progress, and customer retention.

The goal-gradient hypothesis denotes the classic finding from behaviorism that animals expend more effort as they approach a reward. Building on this hypothesis, the authors generate new propositions for the human psychology of rewards. They test these propositions using field experiments, secondary customer data, paper-and-pencil problems, and Tobit and logit models. The key findings indicate that (1) participants in a real café reward program purchase coffee more frequently the closer they are to earning a free coffee; (2) Internet users who rate songs in return for reward certificates visit the rating Web site more often, rate more songs per visit, and persist longer in the rating effort as they approach the reward goal; (3) the illusion of progress toward the goal induces purchase acceleration (e.g., customers who receive a 12-stamp coffee card with 2 preexisting “bonus” stamps complete the 10 required purchases faster than customers who receive a “regular” 10-stamp card); and (4) a stronger tendency to accelerate toward the goal predicts greater retention and faster reengagement in the program. The conceptualization and empirical findings are captured by a parsimonious goal-distance model, in which effort investment is a function of the proportion of original distance remaining to the goal. In addition, using statistical and experimental controls, the authors rule out alternative explanations for the observed goal gradients. They discuss the theoretical significance of their findings and the managerial implications for incentive systems, promotions, and customer retention.

 

 

Kivetz, R., Urminsky, O., &Zheng, Y. (2006). The goal-gradient hypothesis resurrected: Purchase acceleration, illusionary goal progress, and customer retention. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(1), 39-58.

https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39

 

 

Sandmo, A. (2005). The theory of tax evasion: A retrospective view. National Tax Journal, 643-663. 

 

The paper gives an overview of some main themes in the theory of tax evasion, starting from Allingham and Sandmo (1972). It reviews the comparative statics of the original model of individual behavior where the tax evasion decision is analogous to portfolio choice, and its extensions to incorporate socially conscious behavior, participation in the black labor market and tax evasion by firms. It also discusses the analysis of tax incidence and the problems involved in moving from individual to aggregate analysis. Finally, it reviews the issues that arise in formulating models of optimal taxation in the presence of tax evasion.

 

 

Sandmo, A. (2005). The theory of tax evasion: A retrospective view. National Tax Journal, 643-663. 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41790296

Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspectives on psychological science, 1(2), 110-122.

Perception informs people about the opportunities for action and their associated costs. To this end, explicit awareness of spatial layout varies not only with relevant optical and ocular-motor variables, but also as a function of the costs associated with performing intended actions. Although explicit awareness is mutable in this respect, visually guided actions directed at the immediate environment are not. When the metabolic costs associated with walking an extent increase—perhaps because one is wearing a heavy backpack—hills appear steeper and distances to targets appear greater. When one is standing on a high balcony, the apparent distance to the ground is correlated with one’s fear of falling. Perceiving spatial layout combines the geometry of the world with behavioral goals and the costs associated with achieving these goals.

 


Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspectives on psychological science, 1(2), 110-122.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00008.x

 

 

 

 

Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716-733.

This article describes 3 studies that explore the role of mindsets in the context of stress. In Study 1, we present data supporting the reliability and validity of an 8-item instrument, the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM), designed to assess the extent to which an individual believes that the effects of stress are either enhancing or debilitating. In Study 2, we demonstrate that stress mindsets can be altered by watching short, multimedia film clips presenting factual information biased toward defining the nature of stress in 1 of 2 ways (stress-is-enhancing vs. stress-is-debilitating). In Study 3, we demonstrate the effect of stress mindset on physiological and behavioral outcomes, showing that a stress-is-enhancing mindset is associated with moderate cortisol reactivity and high desire for feedback under stress. Together, these 3 studies suggest that stress mindset is a distinct and meaningful variable in determining the stress response.

 

Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716-733.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031201

 

Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 1, 607-628.

Stressors have a major influence upon mood, our sense of well-being, behavior, and health. Acute stress responses in young, healthy individuals may be adaptive and typically do not impose a health burden. However, if the threat is unremitting, particularly in older or unhealthy individuals, the long-term effects of stressors can damage health. The relationship between psychosocial stressors and disease is affected by the nature, number, and persistence of the stressors as well as by the individual’s biological vulnerability (i.e., genetics, constitutional factors), psychosocial resources, and learned patterns of coping. Psychosocial interventions have proven useful for treating stress-related disorders and may influence the course of chronic diseases.

 

 

Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 1, 607-628.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141

Oates, W. E. (1999). An essay on fiscal federalism. Journal of economic literature, 37(3), 1120-1149.

This paper is a selective survey of fiscal federalism. It begins with a brief review and some reflections on the traditional theory of fiscal federalism: the assignment of functions to levels of government, the welfare gains from fiscal decentralization, and the use of fiscal instruments. It then explores a series of important topics that are the subject of current research: laboratory federalism, interjurisdictional competition and environmental federalism, the political economy of fiscal federalism, market-preserving federalism, and fiscal decentralization in the developing and transitional economies.

 

 

Oates, W. E. (1999). An essay on fiscal federalism. Journal of economic literature, 37(3), 1120-1149.

DOI: 10.1257/jel.37.3.1120

 

 

Vanberg, V. J. (2000). Functionalm Federalism: Communal or Individual Rights?. Kyklos, 53(3), 363-386.

Book reviewed in this article:

Frey, Bruno S., and Reiner Eichenberger, The New Democratic Federalism for Europe – Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions



Vanberg, V. J. (2000). Functionalm Federalism: Communal or Individual Rights?. Kyklos, 53(3), 363-386.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00125


 

Mehay, S. L. (1984). The effect of governmental structure on special district expenditures. Public Choice, 44(2), 339-348.

초록이 없어 요약 및 결론 부분을 가져옴.

 

Summary and conclusions
The empirical results presented here once again confirm the importance of local public supply institutions in establishing the incentives and con- straints influencing the behavior of local public managers. Holding other factors constant, fire protection districts that are organized as subordinate bureaus of multipurpose governments appear to spend considerably more than independent fire districts. While neither the bureaucracy nor the me- dian voter theory can be proved or disproved by these results, they do not
347
support the contention that independent special districts are ‘invisible’ governments unresponsive to voters demands. The truth appears to lie in the opposite direction – bureaus of general purpose governments appear to be controlled more by the politician-bureaucrat than the median voter. These results reinforce Wagner and Weber’s hypothesis that multipur- pose governments have fewer constraints and therefore larger budgets than single-purpose governments. Moreover, since the multipurpose districts in this California sample are several times larger on average than the indepen- dent districts, the results here give no evidence that economies of scale are important, at least for fire protection services. Finally, the empirical results here confirm DiLorenzo’s (1981a) finding that legal restrictions on the use of special districts will tend to raise local government spending. The findings here and in earlier public choice studies represent a growing body of empirical evidence that counters the propositions and recommen- dations of the political reform tradition. This literature has consistently shown that the negative effects of laws restricting competition, or institu- tions promoting large, multipurpose governments have more than offset any cost savings from scale economies. The budget-enhancing effects of centralized, multipurpose governments on the supply side, combined with the welfare losses that consolidation imposes on residents, provide a very weak case for consolidating local jurisdictions into general purpose units.

 

Mehay, S. L. (1984). The effect of governmental structure on special district expenditures. Public Choice, 44(2), 339-348.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118767